Resumo de Japanese Culture

Culture of Japan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ? Learn more about using Wikipedia for research ? Jump to: navigation, search The Culture of Japan has evolved greatly over the years, from the country''s original Jomon culture to its contemporary hybrid culture, which combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America. After several waves of immigration from the continent and nearby Pacific islands (see History of Japan), followed by a heavy importation of culture from China, the inhabitants of Japan experienced a long period of relative isolation from the outside world under the Tokugawa shogunate until the arrival of the "The Black Ships" and the Meiji era. As a result, a culture distinctively different from other Asian cultures developed, and echoes of this persist in contemporary Japan. Fujin & Raijin, Tawaraya S?tatsu, 17th century Contents 1 Japanese language 2 Visual arts 2.1 Painting 2.2 Calligraphy 2.3 Sculpture 2.4 Ukiyo-e 2.5 Ikebana 3 Performing arts 4 Architecture 5 Clothing 6 Cuisine 7 Sports 8 Popular culture 9 Nihonjinron 10 See also 11 References 12 Footnotes 13 External links Japanese language The Japanese language has always played a significant role in Japanese culture. Spoken mainly in Japan but also in some Japanese emigrant communities around the world, it is an agglutinative language and the sound inventory of Japanese is relatively small but has a lexically distinct pitch-accent system. Early Japanese is known largely on the basis of its state in the 8th century, when the three major works of Old Japanese were compiled. The earliest attestation of the Japanese language is in a Chinese document from 252 A.D. Japanese is written with a combination of three different types of scripts: Chinese characters Kanji, and two syllabic scripts, Hiragana and Katakana. The Latin alphabet, r?maji, is also often used in modern Japanese, especially for company names and logos, advertising, and when inputting Japanese into a computer. The Hindu-Arabic numerals are generally used for numbers, but traditional Sino-Japanese numerals are also commonplace. Visual arts main article: Japanese art Painting Painting has been an art in Japan for a very long time: the brush is a traditional writing tool, and the extension of that to its use as an artist''s tool was probably natural. Native Japanese painting techniques are still in use today, as well as techniques adopted from continental Asia and from the West. Calligraphy Main article: Japanese calligraphy The flowing, brush-drawn Japanese language lends itself to complicated calligraphy. Calligraphic art is often too esoteric for Western audiences and therefore general exposure is very limited. However in East Asian countries, the rendering of text itself is seen as a traditional artform as well as a means of conveying written information. The written work can consist of phrases, poems, stories, or even single characters. The style and format of the writing can mimic the subject matter, even to the point of texture and stroke speed. In some cases it can take over one hundred attempts to produce the desired effect of a single character but the process of creating the work is considered as much an art as the end product itself. This artform is known as Sumi-e and involves making ink by grinding a solid ink stick on a special stone, and mixing it with water. Sculpture Traditional Japanese sculptures mainly settled on the subject of Buddhist images, such as Tathagata, Bodhisattva and My?-?. The most oldest sculpture in Japan is a wooden statues of Amitabha at the Zenk?-ji temple, which was tributed from an ancient Korean king. In the Nara period, Buddhist statues were made by the national government to boost its prestige. These examples are seen in present-day Nara and Kyoto, most notably a colossal bronze statue of the Buddha Vairocana in the T?dai-ji temple. Wood has traditionally been used as the chief matl in Japan, along with the traditional Japanese architectures. Statues are often lacquered, gilded, or brightly painted, althogh there are little traces on the surfaces. Bronze and other metals are also used. Other materials, such as stone and pottery, have had extremely important roles in the plebeian beliefs. Ukiyo-e The Great Wave at Kanagawa Printed by Hokusai Main article: ukiyo-e Ukiyo-e (??? lit. "pictures of the floating world"?) is a genre of woodblock prints that exemplifies the characteristics of pre-Meiji Japanese art. Because these prints could be mass-produced, they were available to a wide cross-section of the Japanese populace ? those not wealthy enough to afford original paintings ? during their heyday, from the 17th to 20th century. The widespread popularity of ukiyo-e prints lead to their recognition as a very Japanese artform, which in turn has led to significant modern mimicry of ukiyo-e stylings in advertisements, posters, and other art including manga. Ikebana Main article: ikebana Ikebana (ja:???) is the Japanese art of flower arrangement. It has gained widespread international fame for its focus on harmony, color use, rhythm, and elegantly simple design. It is an art centered greatly on expressing the seasons, and is meant to act as a symbol to something greater than the flower itself. Many Japanese women entering into a third party marriage learn Ikebana to be a more appealing and well-rounded lady. Ikebana is widely practiced in Japan today, as well as around the world. Performing arts Main article: Theatre of Japan Please help improve this article by expanding this section. See talk page for details. Please remove this message once the section has been expanded. (tagged since May 2007) Mention Kabuki, Noh, Takurazuka, and Bunraku. Japanese architecture has as long a history as any other aspect of Japanese culture. Originally heavily influenced by Chinese architecture, it also develops many differences and aspects which are indigenous to Japan. Examples of traditional architecture are seen at Temples, Shinto shrines and castles in Kyoto and Nara. Some of these buildings are constructed with traditional gardens, which are influenced from Zen ideas. Some mordern architects, such as Yoshio Taniguchi and Tadao Ando are known for their amalgamation of Japanese traditional and Western architectural influences. Clothing Main articles: Japanese clothing and Japanese fashion The Japanese word kimono (?? kimono?) means "something one wears" and they are the traditional garments of Japan. Originally, the word kimono was used for all types of clothing, but eventually, it came to refer specifically to the full-length garment also known as the naga-gi, meaning "long-wear", that is still worn today on special occasions by women, men, and children. It is often known as wafuku which means "Japanese clothes". Kimono come in a variety of colors, styles, and sizes. Men mainly wear darker or more muted colors, while women tend to wear brighter colors and pastels, and often with complicated abstract or floral patterns. The summer kimono which are lighter are called yukata. Formal kimono are typically worn in several layers, with number of layers, visibility of layers, sleeve length, and choice of pattern dictated by social status and the occasion for which the kimono is worn. Through a long culinary past, the Japanese have developed a sophisticated and refined cuisine highly sensitive to the change of seasons. Modern Japanese enjoy a variety of traditional Japanese food, including the staples of rice and miso soup, as well as many seafood dishes (sushi and sashimi for instance), and a multitude of foreign dishes. One can easily find Chinese, Korean, and Thai dishes as well as non-regional American, French, and Italian foods. Japanese cuisine is a product of its environment and people. The ease of acquiring fresh ingredients led to sushi, high temperature and humidity led to varieties of pickled and fermented food like n

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