Resumo de History Of Sandomierz

Sandomierz a town whose roots reach back over ten centuries, is picturesquely situated on the edge of Kielecko - Sandomierska Upland, declining in the form of huge slopes into the Vistula valley. Formerly Sandomierz belonged to the biggest towns in Poland. As sedes regni principalis it used to be a duke''s seat and a royal residence. Bound up with Christianity for ten ages, together with a nearby Zawichost it was also a communication link of international trade route, leading from Western Europe through Wroc?aw, Cracow, Wi?lica and Sandomierz to Rus and further eastwards until Mongolian Empire. Sandomierz and Zawichost guarded the main ford across the Vistula. Since the 12th century Sandomierz and the region were included into the scheme of christianisation of the East by St. Bernard of Clairvaux, which was marked by the foundation of a Cistercian abbey in nearby Koprzywnica in 1185, followed in the early 13th century by a Dominican monastery in Sandomierz (1226) and a Clarist one in Zawichost (1245). The convent of Dominican friars in Sandomierz was the second convent in Ma?opolska (preceded by the Cracow one), and the Clarist Convent was one of the first in East-Central Europe. Polish princes, bishops and feudal lords supported these foundations. The location of monasteries along the main route bound Sandomierz with Europe not only politically, but first of all economically and culturally. These associations were mutual, e.g. the architectural solutions of churches of Dominican and Clarist monasteries had a great influence on the monastery design in Western Europe. The existence of four churches in Sandomierz in the 12th century, recorded in written sources, together with their parish schools, especially the collegiate one, was not only of local significance. The status of Sandomierz was confirmed by the position of the Collegiate Church, which was the second in Poland after the Cracow one. The historic researches prove high and appreciated abroad teaching level in the collegiate school. The high level of Sandomierz school education was preserved nearly until now. In the 16th century dozens of Sandomierz citizens studied in the Cracow Academy. The citizens of Sandomierz were: Sebastian Petrycy from Pilzno - a doctor and a famous translator and commentator of Aristotle''s works, Jan Por?bny, a doctor of medicine and philosophy, and the most famous among doctors - Stanis?aw Bartolon Starszy (the Elder). Marcin from Urz?dów after studies in Padua and Cracow settled in Sandomierz, where he created the first Polish botanical dictionary. Unquestionably, the most famous citizen of Sandomierz was Miko?aj Gomó?ka - a composer, the author of "the Melodies for the Polish Psalter" (1580) to the words by John Kochanowski. In the 17th century the Sandomierz Jesuits founded a secondary school of a new type (Collegium Gostomianum) and ran it until the order annulment in 1773. Connected with Sandomierz Collegium were, among others, Alexander Rz?czy?ski, an outstanding physiographer and ornithologist and Joseph Karsznicki, an architect. In the interwar period the General Regional University was founded and led by a great educator and regionalist Alexander Patkowski. It was situated in the post-Jesuit edifice. Since 1636 there has been the Seminary College in Sandomierz. Today there are here as well: the Linguistic College, the Liturgical Institute of PAT (the Pope''s Academy of Theology) and the University College of Arts and Natural Science. The long-lasting bloom of Sandomierz has endowed the town with numerous municipal and sacral buildings, founded and erected by men of a great culture and tolerance. What is worth mentioning here is a special privilege from 1367 that guaranteed royal protection to the local Jewish community, which was, after the Cracow one, the largest in Poland, as well as the "Sandomierz Agreement" from 1570 between Calvinists, Lutherans and Hussites (Bohemian Brothers). From among over 120 monuments of architectuSandomierz the following are recognized as the most valuable: the architectural - landscape complex of the Old Town, preserving the lay-out from the second half of the 14th century and the Dominican monastery complex of St. James''s Church. There are also preserved remains of Gothic fortified walls with the Opatowska Gate and the Castle, as well as the Town Hall, the Cathedral, numerous churches, burghers'' houses and suburban manor-houses. Despite all its historical misfortunes, Sandomierz undoubtedly has always been a European city as it preserved the various marks of the history of Europe and it belongs to its cultural heritage.

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