Resumo de Access To The Catalogues And Information: The Experiment Of The Libraries

Access to the catalogues and information: the experiment of the librariesDomenica LaharyDepartmental library of the Valley of Oise The libraries during their history forged the great tradition of the catalogue, intermediary between the reader and work. Initially simple repertory, the catalogue became tool of research: beyond description, it proposed accesses to this one. In parallel, a many libraries opened their shelf with the free course of the reader, which obliged them to classify the works in an order representative of the contents: it is the free access. Librarians and documentalists forged with this intention languages documentary, defined as artificial languages, and supposed to formalize with the time the contents of the documents and the requests of the users, in an operation which they called indexing. Complex, structured and sometimes hierarchical systems were elaborate: thesaurus, repertories of terms or expressions. Relations between these terms or expressions can be established a priori, thus forming a precoordinated documentary language. Is the documentary language a bridge between the reader and work between the user and the document, or it does him screen? One and the other. One could not index of the same movement the questions and the answers, nor even reasonably to envisage the questions. Tool for the analysis, the documentary language is, for the end-user, a foreign language of which it will be useful after a fashion, or which it will have to learn so much that is to say little. The computerization of the libraries initially applied to the catalogues. It allowed an undeniable improvement of the Access to bibliographical description, for those of the users who adapted to the machine. But the first effect is to have made difficult the practice of the flaky preparation, abundantly appraisal by the users of a catalogue on card. While proposing like principal model the management of the answers to the questions, the computerized catalogue terribly returned the interrogative one to itself, reducing it to seek only what it had already found, that what it knew, that what it could name or characterize. Computerized, the accesses became more and especially combinable. Borrowed in particular from the Boolean algebra, of the operators allow the reaction of true equations of research. In same time, the automated management of the thesaurus and repertories of descriptors by the cataloguers and the interrogative ones geared down their effectiveness. However, if computerized research is increasingly effective for the expert users, the problem of the profane user is posed, under two terms: the language and the interface. Affublant the interfaces of access to the catalogues computerized of initials which they are alone to include/understand but which is heavy direction (OPAC = one line public access catalogues), they produced an abundant literature of frustration (the OPAC are not satisfactory) and named the two principal demonstrations of this frustration the continuation: silence (there are answers but they do not arrive) and noise (the relevant answers are lost in the middle of one will fatras answers not interesting the user). Various strategies are tested to reduce this frustration There one, without y never to arrive, of the natural language, in part except subject ( does one speak naturally with a machine tries to approach?); in any case to bring closer the questions the users of the answers which the ?system? can provide them. As the corpora grow and that the users diversify, the difficulty of the company increases. When with the image, it is yet relevant as regards interrogation only in specialized matters, like the chemical molecules. The ergonomics of the interface is an important question, and however secondary. The passage of the interfaces in character mode with the graphic interfaces, then with the World Wide Web, can be very well made whereas remain unchanged the documentary indices and languages: tomodify packing can give desire for using a linguistic tool and logic which in addition remains unchanged. The intuitivity of the click does not involve the linguistic intuitivity. The advent of Internet did not change the facts of the case approached here but their another dimension gave: instead of working on data (catalogues or complete texts) located, one works on data distributed in the whole world. While standards were set up for the simultaneous interrogation of catalogues document lists, the search engines started to index in a way primitive (by word) all or left the Web pages of the world network. The noise becomes deafening, and it is not astonishing that re-appear in a new environment of the techniques tested for a long time: classification (repertories sets of themes of sites) and the indexing (Metadata added to the Web pages to indicate the author, the contents of it...). We continue a dream: to reconcile the natural language with the documentary languages, to produce after an intuitive question a relevant answer. It will probably never be reached. But to approach some is a singular challenge that small step it is allowed to raise.

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