Resumo de Coaxing Bacteria To Produce Human Insulin

Coaxing bacteria to produce human
insulin

Genetic engineering can make human
insulin. Human insulin DNA is plaed in the DNA of a second
organism and this host organism becomes an insulin-
producing factor. Diabetics donot produce adequate
insulin. Insulin helps control sugar in bloodstream.
Hence, millions of diabetics need to take insulin. Insulin
from cows and pigs has been used since 1900s to treat
diabetes. Now human insulin protein can be mass-produced
using bacteria. Plasmids are small circles of DNA found in
bacteria cells,separate from the bacterial chromosome.
They are able to pass readily from one cell to another,even
when the cells are form different species.
Consequently,plasmids can be used as vectors,permitting the
reproduction of a foreign DNA by using the bacteria
replicating system. First the Gene producing human insulin
is isolated. Then plasmid is isolated and using special
proteins plamid ring is cut open. The gene for inslin is
inserted in to the plasmid ring and it is closed. The
human insulin gene is now recombined with the bacterialDNA
plasmid. Plasmids with the insulin gene are inserted
intomany bacterial cells. The cells need nutrients to
grow,divide, and live. When the bacterial calls reproduce
by dividing the human insulin gene is also reproduced in
thenewly created cells. Human insulin protein molecules
produced by bacteria are gathered and purified. Bio-
surfactants are microbially produced surface-active
compounds. They are amphipathic molecules with hydrophilic
and hydrophobic regins, causing them to affregate at
interfaces between fluids with different polarities. They
also decrease the interfacialsurface tension. These
secondary metaboloities can enhance nutrient transport
across membrances,act in various host-microbe interactions
andprovide protection to theproducing organism. If bio-
surfactant is produced by utilizing industrialand municipal
wastewaters,which contain organic pollutants, a double
benefit results. The polluted water would be treated and a
valuable product result. A yeast,torulopsis bombicola can
be used for the biosyntheses of sophorose lipids,which are
of use in cosmetics and other industries. This requires
sugar and vegetable oil to give maximum yields. Waste
glucose from food processing,agricultureor industrial
operations is used as substrate, and appropriate lipogenic
bacteria or fungi and appropriate lipogenic algae are co-
cultured to produce microbial single-cell oil in the form
of triglyceride. Municipal sludge can be used as substrate
in an anaerobic treatment process, followed by partial
hydrolysis of anaerobic sludge,on which lipogenic microbes
can be grown. The advantage of this approach are-only one
feed stock is used, and is available year-around. There is
no cost credit for environment benefit. Energy
requirements can be met. The process is simple.

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