Resumo de Urban Health In India

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An extract of the study report of medical college

researchers in India

THE URBAN HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA

India is an under developed country and 50% of the

population live in urban areas in an extremely below
the

poverty condition. As they are lured by massive

industrialization, economic and educational
opportunities

in cities like Chennai, Mumbai, Kolkatta and Delhi are
over

crowed and the statistics says about one fifth live in

slums Most of the health problems in India are
generated

from these slums only.

Many are exposed to new types of risks associated

with industrial pollution, road accidents, air
pollution,

poisonings, threat to child adolescent health etc.

Drainage system is poor in Chennai, Kolkatta and

Mumbai which cause high incidence of infections disease
and

epidemics. High densities of dwellings and lack of

internal roads cause poor accessibility for emergency
and

life saving services. New squatter settlements come up
on

the periphery often on inhabitable lands because of
their

low values and cause environmental hazards.

In the recent Bhopal gas tragedy, around 3000

persons mostly from the peripheral slums were killed
and it

clearly revealed the vulnerability of squatters.

Urban malaria, tuberculosis and pneumonia, leprosy,

meningitis, preventable infections in children such as

measles, whooping cough and polio, diarrhea diseases
and

intestinal worm infections are some of the most common

health problems apart from higher morbidity and
mortality

due to accidents.

Central council of health was formed as per the

constitution to check all health problems in India.
Health

survey and Development Committee was the first
committee to

be formed in India which laid foundations for several

activities in all five year plans to attend to all
health

problems attaching the millions in India.

The ministry of health and family welfare is

handled by secretary of the govt. of India. He is
directed

by the cabinet minister of state or by his deputy. The

ministry is concerned with 1) maintenance of
international

health relations with other countries of the world and

coordination among them 2) adoption of family welfare

measures concerning population stabilization and family

planning.

The Directorate General of health services as the

technical wing to the ministry of health and family
welfare

and its activities cover the whole spectrum of medical
care

and public health apart from general administration.
Other

activities include establishment of drug standards,

prevention of food adulteration, control of drugs and

poison, coordination with state of health Authorities,

implementation and monitoring of various health
programmes

and schemes etc.

At the state level we have the Directorate of

Health Services to administer public health, medical

services and medical education. Due to increasing

responsibilities and abundant health problems some
states

have established more than one Directorate and
separated

medical care facilities and medical education from the

public health. To boost the family welfare activities
some

states have set up separate Directorate of family
welfare

or state family welfare Bureau.

At the District level we have the District health

office that is in charge of all activities concerning

medical, public health and family welfare and district

health administration. To lay more importance to
family

welfare programmes, a separate family welfare officer
has

been appointed.

In urban areas we have local self governing bodies

having three tier administrations.

1. Medical officer in charge

2. Zonal office in charge

3. The chief executive in charge.

Health Care DDelivery in India

Among the major public health programmes, the Maternal
and

Child Health Services constitute an integral part of
the

family welfare programmes and occupy an important place
in

the socio economic development planning. It also plays
a

crucial role in human resource development and in
improving

the quality of life of the people. The Government has

sponsored immunization schemes for infants and children

against nutritional anemia among mothers and children
and

prophylaxis against blindness due to vitamin ?A?
deficiency

are also in operation. Programme for oral rehydration

therapy is another important child survival scheme.

Diarrhea disease is a major health problem in India

especially among children below five years of age.

To liberate the children from common communicable

diseases, the expanded programme of Immunization (EPI)
was

started by the Governments of India in 1978. The
objectives

of the programme are to reduce morbidity and mortality
due

to diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus, poliomyelitis,

tuberculosis and typhoid fever by making vaccination

services available to all eligible children and
pregnant

women.

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